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[論文新知] 有希望開發茲卡病毒疫苗

洛克菲勒大學的一個研究小組在一個己感染的人血液中發現了一種對有效對抗的新武器。 這一發現可能會讓茲卡病毒有新的方法來對抗,包括疫苗。
Recurrent Potent Human Neutralizing Antibodies to Zika Virus in Brazil and Mexico. 發表於 Cell. 2017 May 4
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003961
在墨西哥和巴西受試者的血液樣本中,科學家發現了阻止病毒引發感染的抗體 ,一種由免疫系統產生的蛋白質。這些抗體似乎最初是因為先前感染登革熱時產生的。 其中一種,他們命名為Z004的抗體在,對抗中茲卡病毒特別有效。
「這些抗體在不久的將來可能很有幫助,例如,讓懷孕婦女或其他有風險感染茲卡的人能安全地預防」研究計劃主持者Davide F. Robbiani說。 並將此研究報告在5月4日在Cell期刊發表。
該報告詳細檢視了了該抗體與病毒之間的相互作用,也揭示了開發疫苗的新潛力。
一個精確的目標
Zika茲卡是一種由蚊子傳播的病毒,通常只會對一般人產生輕微的症狀。 然而,對下一代可能會出嚴重的後果。 懷孕期間感染茲卡病毒婦女誕生的嬰兒面臨著神經發育異常的風險。 防止Zika的唯一辦法只能是避免蚊蟲叮咬; 且目前沒有疫苗或其他醫療措施。
當病毒攜帶病毒套膜蛋白的球形顆粒開始感染,會鎖定在宿主細胞上並強制進入。面對病毒的威脅,人類免疫系統會識別病毒並阻止病毒的抗體侵入細胞 該團隊開始尋找茲卡需要發起攻擊的套膜蛋白的抗體。
五分之六
在派駐巴西利馬,與墨西哥的聖塔瑪莉亞的學者協同合作,他們在茲卡開始流行不久後收到了400多人的血液樣本。雖然對同一病原體的個體反應可能差別很大。 然而,分析來自六位最有希望產生抗體的志願者的樣本中做了深入分析顯示了一個驚喜:其中五個含有相同種類的幾乎相同的抗體。 這表示了這些抗體特別擅長打擊病毒。
當團隊再針對這些抗體對茲卡病毒的表現時,找到了一個特別有效的抗體:Z004,一種來自墨西哥志願者血液的抗體。 當將它給予易受茲卡感染的小鼠時,產生的抗體可防止其發生嚴重感染。
再檢視巴西的樣本,耶魯大學Albert Ko領導的團隊在茲卡流行前前六個月收集,顯示了先前感染登革熱1型的人中,為何有些人的免疫系統會更容易對抗茲卡。
Rice實驗室的研究副教授瑪格麗特·麥克唐納(Margaret R. MacDonald)也說:「他們在感染茲卡之前,血液樣品也許有與套膜蛋白上同一個位點相互作用的抗體。 「看起來,就像疫苗一樣,登革熱I型可以引發免疫系統來對付茲卡。」