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異位性皮膚炎又稱過敏性皮膚炎，是一種與遺傳及環境皆有關的慢性、反覆發癢的皮膚炎。在台灣，患有異位性皮膚炎的過敏兒愈來愈多，根據調查發現，台灣的兒童約有6%患有異位性皮膚炎，而且比例正逐年增加，這可能與生活環境及飲食習慣的改變有關。 異位性皮膚炎也是兒童三大過敏疾病中最早發病的過敏症。當具有過敏體質的小孩出生後與週遭環境及食物中的過敏原接觸後，會造成個體被敏感化，而引發過敏疾病。過敏兒常會在出生後1~2個月大時，在雙頰及前額出現乾燥脫屑的濕疹 (異位性皮膚炎)，之後容易演變為氣喘與過敏性鼻炎。這樣的過敏反應發展進程就是所謂的過敏疾病進行曲(異位性皮膚炎→氣喘→過敏性鼻炎)。 異位性皮膚炎的臨床症狀及病程 異位性皮膚炎在不同的年紀會有不同的症狀：小嬰兒約1~2個月大時會在前額、臉頰、耳頸部的皮膚出現乾燥脫屑的劇癢濕疹；之後濕疹的發生部位會逐漸移行到四肢及軀幹，一般而言，一歲大後的幼兒主要在手肘凹窩、膝蓋窩及頸部等皮膚皺折處出現癢疹。約莫兩歲左右，有些小孩皮膚的症狀會改善，但有些小孩的異位性皮膚炎症狀會持續到成人，甚至終生存在。成人期的異位性皮膚炎會在四肢皮膚出現慢性苔蘚化濕疹，皮膚粗粗厚厚的，就像犀牛皮，所以也被戲稱為牛皮蘚。異位性皮膚炎最大特徵就是「癢」，皮膚也因為長期騷抓，容易遭受細菌感染而引起膿痂或蜂窩組織炎，增加了治療的困難。 異位性皮膚炎的治療 (一)注意皮膚的保養 1. 洗澡 異位性皮膚炎最大特徵是皮膚出現癢性濕疹，有些父母以為濕疹即是寶寶皮膚不乾淨，就努力地幫寶寶洗澡，甚至一天洗好幾次澡，殊不知這樣反而加重病情，因為過度的沐浴，尤其若加上水溫太高會把保護皮膚的油脂洗掉